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Mitral regurgitation

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What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)?

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition in which one or both of the mitral valve’s leaflets (cusps) bulge (prolapse) back into the left atrium when the heart contracts. This can lead to improper valve closure and sometimes cause leakage (mitral regurgitation).

What causes mitral valve prolapse?

  • Genetic Factors: Family history of MVP or connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome.
  • Connective Tissue Disorders: Such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or osteogenesis imperfecta.
  • Idiopathic Causes: In many cases, the exact cause is unknown.

What are the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse?

  • Palpitations: Sensation of irregular or rapid heartbeats.
  • Chest Pain: Unrelated to exertion or heart disease.
  • Shortness of Breath: Especially during physical activity or when lying down.
  • Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak.
  • Dizziness: Lightheadedness or fainting.

How is mitral valve prolapse diagnosed?

Diagnosis typically involves:

  • Physical Examination: Listening for characteristic heart sounds like a mid-systolic click or a murmur.
  • Echocardiogram (Echo): An ultrasound of the heart to visualize the mitral valve and assess how well it functions.
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): To check for any arrhythmias.
  • Holter Monitor: A portable device that records the heart’s rhythm over 24-48 hours.

What treatments are available for mitral valve prolapse?

Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and the degree of mitral regurgitation:

  • Observation: For asymptomatic or mild cases with minimal regurgitation, regular follow-ups with a cardiologist may be sufficient.
  • Medications:
    • Beta-Blockers: To manage palpitations and chest pain.
    • Diuretics: If there is significant fluid buildup.
  • Lifestyle Changes: Managing stress and avoiding stimulants like caffeine may help with symptoms.
  • Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement: For severe cases with significant regurgitation or symptoms not controlled by other measures. This may involve:
    • Minimally Invasive Surgery: Repairing or replacing the valve through small incisions.
    • Open Heart Surgery: Traditional surgery to repair or replace the valve.

What lifestyle changes might be recommended for managing MVP?

  • Healthy Diet: Eating a balanced diet to support overall heart health.
  • Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular, moderate exercise as advised by your healthcare provider.
  • Stress Management: Techniques such as relaxation exercises or counseling to manage anxiety or stress.
  • Avoiding Stimulants: Reducing or avoiding caffeine and other stimulants if they exacerbate symptoms.

How does mitral valve prolapse affect daily life?

Many people with MVP lead normal lives, especially if the condition is mild and asymptomatic. For those with symptoms, proper management and treatment can help maintain a good quality of life.

What are the potential complications of mitral valve prolapse?

  • Mitral Regurgitation: Leakage of blood backward through the valve, which can lead to heart enlargement and heart failure in severe cases.
  • Arrhythmias: Irregular heartbeats, including atrial fibrillation or ventricular arrhythmias.
  • Infective Endocarditis: An infection of the heart valve, though this is less common.

When should I seek medical attention for mitral valve prolapse?

Seek medical attention if you experience:

  • New or Worsening Symptoms: Such as increased palpitations, chest pain, or shortness of breath.
  • Severe Symptoms: Like frequent fainting, significant fatigue, or worsening of existing symptoms.
  • Signs of Complications: Such as swelling, sudden weight gain, or signs of heart failure.

Can mitral valve prolapse be prevented?

Since MVP is often congenital, it cannot be prevented. However, early diagnosis and management can help mitigate complications and manage symptoms effectively.

How often should follow-up appointments be scheduled?

Follow-up appointments are based on the severity of MVP and symptoms. For asymptomatic or mild cases, annual or biennial check-ups may be sufficient. More frequent follow-ups are necessary for those with significant symptoms or regurgitation.