What is a Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO)?
A Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) is a complete blockage of a coronary artery that has been present for a long time. This means that the artery is fully obstructed, and blood flow through that artery is stopped. It is typically identified using imaging techniques like coronary angiography.
Why is CTO important?
CTO is significant because it can limit blood flow to parts of the heart muscle, potentially leading to symptoms like chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or even heart failure. It can also affect the overall heart function and quality of life.
What causes CTO?
CTO is usually caused by the buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) in the coronary arteries, which leads to a complete blockage. Other factors can include:
- Long-standing coronary artery disease
- Poorly managed risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes
- Previous heart attacks
How is CTO diagnosed?
CTO is diagnosed using:
- Coronary Angiography: The primary method for identifying CTO, involving X-ray imaging after injecting a contrast dye.
- Stress Testing: To assess how the heart responds to exertion, though not specifically for diagnosing CTO.
- CT Angiography: Non-invasive imaging that can help in the diagnosis and planning of treatment.
What are the symptoms of CTO?
Symptoms can vary but may include:
- Chest pain or discomfort
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue
- Reduced exercise tolerance